Civil Inattention essays

Civil Inattention essays Every time we enter a public place we engage in some sort of social interaction. This is a part of our everyday life. Certain public settings are even created for the sole purpose of social interaction. The Study Hall bar in Isla Vista is one such place. Most people go to this bar to get drunk, and to interact with friends or among the unacquainted. Throughout my many visits to the Study Hall, I observed multiple kinds of social transmissions. These interactions between bar patrons varied from positive to negative discussions and were influenced by not only gender but social status also. In the following pages to come I will discuss and analyze social interactions between certain individuals and analytically breakdown some of the conversations that were occurring during my visits. The following analysis will explain what sorts of interactions take place inside of a bar, and will examine the effects that alcohol has on a person engaging in conversation with the known and unkno wn. Many concepts will be used to explain and analyze the social transmissions at the Study Hall. After observing many different situations and interactions at the bar, I was able to apply concepts that were used in lecture and throughout the readings. I will begin by analyzing the forming of a relationship and work all the way into breaking down the actual conversation itself which all occurred at the Study Hall. The process begins with an initial interaction between two individuals who are meeting for the first time. Civil Inattention and Anonymous Relationships It begins with a young male coming to the bar to meet his friends to watch a game. As he enters, a female sitting at a table with two other women notices him. As he passed, he glanced at the table of girls at which time female #1 (the girl who first noticed him) happily made eye contact with him and gave a little smile. It would only be a matter of time before the two would en...

Consider our readings from the radical right-wing terrorist Pierluigi

Consider our readings from the radical right-wing terrorist Pierluigi Consider our readings from the radical right-wing terrorist Pierluigi Concutelli and from the interviews with radical left-wing terrorists conducted by Cataldo and Neuburger. Did these people all become terrorists for simila Many scholars and historians have focused much of their research on the reasons why people have chosen to become terrorists in the past, one way of researching this was through the interviews of past or current people considered to be terrorists. In the interview with the right-wing terrorist Pierluigi Concutelli, he explains many of the reasons why he chose to join, whether it was for the power or just to be part of a movement bigger than himself. In the interviews of radical left-wing terrorists by Cataldo and Neuburger, three different people with very different roles explained why they chose to join groups such as Prima Linea where they used violence to achieve a ?more just, freer society.? While the overall goals of both these groups were very different, the people who chose to join them did so for similar reasons in hopes of making a difference. At a societal level right-wing terrorist groups have extremely opposing views of how their governments should be run than those of the left-wing terrorists, yet individually their members all joined for very similar reasons including the ability to exert power and influence over others, being part of a larger overall movement and because of the specific context and events happening around them. With such similar reasons for becoming terrorists, it is no wonder both sides ended up fighting a common enemy as opposed to one another. Peirreluigi Concutelli?s memoir explains some of the reasons he and many of his fellow Fascists resorted to violence and terrorism in order to get their message across. Concutelli tells how he was born into an age of hatred where, ?Men and boys with machine-guns and with a dream that seemed within arms? reach against men and boys who were defending a dream already dead and done with. I am a child of those days (Concutelli, 2). This shows that with so much violence surrounding him, it was only a matter of time before he would join in to make a difference for what he believed in. While attending university in Sicily he began to meet fellow right-wing Fascists who would tell stories about how much better things were without the Christian Democrats who were currently in charge. Hearing these stories and finding people with similar beliefs to him ?gave me a sense of belonging that was real but at the same time dangerous? I came to live in a kind of Indian reservation deliberately set up f or just a few of the elect. It was quality against quantity. We were in the right, the others were wrong.? (Concutelli, 4). While at this point Concutelli was not yet willing to become a terrorist for his ideology, he soon realized that his Fascist comrades were becoming a minority and as their persecution increased so did their lust for revenge. The press also instigated violence by blaming Fascists for many bombing attacks where those responsible were never caught. ?Without the right to speak?we were excluded at the newspapers, the universities, the schools? It was in this atmosphere that, slowly, under their voices, people started talking about armed struggle.? (Concutelli, 7). These are some of the main reasons a University educated man such as Concutelli chose to become an assassin and live the rest of his life in jail rather than live out a normal life without his preferred political system. Left-wing terrorists who were interviewed in Women and Terrorism shows how terrorists at this time came from all walks of life and that ethnicity, gender and age had no effect on what people were willing to do. The terrorist ?F? who was interviewed after spending four and a half years in prison for participating in three murders said she joined Prima Linea because of ?the pervasive feeling of the youth being powerless to change things and an impatience with waiting for the birth of a more just, freer society.? (De Cataldo Neuburger, 99). With such dissatisfaction with her current government, F chose to fight back by housing other terrorist members tasked with

How does film relate to the concept of national identity Discuss in Essay

How does film relate to the concept of national identity Discuss in relation to British Realism - Essay Example This essay will try to illustrate how British cinema has played a dual role of depicting existing national identity and forging new national identity over the course of the last hundred years. The 1940s were an interesting period in the history of English cinema. It was an era when films were produced by dedicated studio houses like Pinewood, Ealing, Shepperton, Denham and Elstree (Lay, 2002). But with Britain’s involvement in the Second World War, the role of cinema were to undergo a transformation. From being a medium of mass entertainment, it would serve as a great political tool. Some of the films made during the early years of the war were not so much works of art as mediums of political propaganda. Given the inadequacy of the RAFs in resisting the Nazi war machinery, the British High Command motivated civilian men to join the army through films. In this case, the films elucidated what it means to be British and what responsibilities citizenship entails. The movies were a call for duty addressed to young men, to keep alive the long tradition of British pride. This genre is a classic example of the second category of social realism – one of forging natio nal identity. The involvement of government agencies in the making of these films is succinctly captured in the following lines: â€Å"The story of the British cinema in the Second World War is inextricably linked with that of the Ministry of Information. It was the Ministrys function, after all, to present the national case to the public at home and abroad, and to this end it was responsible for the preparation and issue of National Propaganda, as well as for the issue of ‘news’ and for such control of information issued to the public as may be demanded by the needs of security†¦its Planning Committee was designated to work out means for carrying out domestic policy and to recommend courses of action to sustain civilian morale, and, inevitably, its Films† (Aldgate, 1994) The reality

Case study 5A Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study 5A - Assignment Example ganization a person’s real name, the name of the organization one works for, contacts, such as office e-mail address, and optionally issues one works on. In other words, no personal information should be on the page since it does not matter. 2. Journalists are not machines, meaning that expression of emotions is expected while covering dramatic events. Concealing compassion or anger would be perceived as dishonesty. At the same time, emotions can be overused. This is not the case of Anderson Cooper. His reporting from disaster-torn regions is really quite emotional; however, his expression of emotions does not harm his objectivity. Therefore, it can be regarded as good journalism. 2. The privacy standards for people like Cooper are philosophically different from those for the people whose arrests are reporting on the Wed due to the fact that the latter cannot control the spread of personal information while Cooper has chosen to reveal the information by himself, which means he exercised control over the information at that very

Blue Collar Jobs Essay Example for Free

Blue Collar Jobs Essay In the current economic situation in the U.S, graduating high school and going off to college for a degree has pretty much become the goal for most of the students here in the United States. According to the Institute of Education Sciences, studies have shown that between 1999 and 2009, the number of students in the United States perusing a degree in college full time has risen by almost 45% while part time students increased by 28%. With the vast expanding number of students, the number of job openings for these certain fields are simply not enough to provide every graduate with a job. Because of this problem the unemployment rates are staggeringly high here in the United States which includes the 44% those coming out of college. (Rampell) Take Kyle Bishop for example. Currently 24, he has been waiting tables, delivering beer, and working at a bookstore since 2009 when he graduated from the University of Pittsburgh. (Rampell) Stories like this arise every day and only more appear. It will eventually affect future college students pursuing a degree and those who return to study to obtain a degree. Despite these stories however, many companies have been seeking employees to fill up positions for months to years. Many of these jobs have included machinist, welder, and many more in manufacturing, hence blue collar jobs. Now you may be thinking, how can companies not fill up position for manual labor? But with the pace of the advancement of technology in modern society, machinery has become more complicated and requires a higher skill cap to use compared to before while the number of workers with the skill to operate them has been dwindling. In the North Dakota oil fields, there is a 30% shortage of petroleum engineers and a 10% shortage of machinists that the companies simply cannot find enough workers with the skillsets to fill up these positions. According to news article from the Dallas Morning News the workforce is very skilled but they’re mostly people with experience who are soon to retire. It seems like jobs can’t be found without experience and experience can’t be gained without a job however, many say vocational school may become a solution. Students will be able to gain experience by learning about certain jobs in the field and acquiring the skills required without the need of actually finding a job. More people would become qualified to take over the empty positions and those soon to be empty as people begin to retire and more skilled workers join the workforce which could ease the unemployment rates. Every move made can affect the future of the United States economy and the future workers. Education is certainly very important but obtaining skills to work certain jobs is probably one of the most important factors in getting a job.

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Depression. The lifeless force that makes a home on the top of your back, weighing you down completely taking you over like a parasite; you see what it wants you to see, a world of gray blobs doing meaningless tasks day after day. Everything is trite. Nothing excites you. You are in a rut that gets deeper and deeper with each passing day, and as time passes, the possibility of escaping dwindles. You have empty feelings, there is no hope; you are fatigued by daily activities and suffer insomnia or restlessness. The thought of food disgusts you. Or perhaps it’s the only thing you have to comfort yourself. More than 20 million citizens in the United States suffer from depression; this is the life they have to look forward to. (â€Å"Depression† n.d.) Society is quick to judge on any kind of discrepancy: fashion, intellect, monetary class, and personality. What is everyone going to think when you have to skip your weekly luncheon and mani-pedi with your girlfriends for a depression counseling session? You have to cut corners on all expenses to pay for your treatment and it isn’t going unnoticed. A 2012 study by the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh and the University of South Florida sought to find answer this: Dopeople judge me for spending money on Depression treatments? Two situations were created: in Experiment 1, random participants read a paper written by a student struggling with academic stress and school-related issues who would set aside a large sum of money to pay for depression treatment (Hong, Lishner, Gum, & Huss, 2012, p. 878). In Experiment 2, participants read another paper written by a depressed student who opted out of seeking treatment or received free treatment (Hong et a.l, 2012). Results found that pa rticipants we... ...They also found that there was a significant difference between depressed college students who were physically active and those who were not. Physical activity has been known to improve emotional self being like depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem (Taliaferro, L. J., 2009). Practicing physical activity at least three to four times a day reduces the chances of being depressed.Till this day depression is one of the highest causes of death in young adults (Taliaferro, L. J., 2009). Depression is a major health issue, and will continue to be so unless we take action. Instead of feeling that lifeless force pushing you down get up and try doing some aerobic exercises. Fight to feel happy again. Life is a gift, never believe that you should take away your life in order to not feel pain and always have hope for the future. After all, we are responsible for ourselves.

Red, White, and Black by Gary Nash Essay

Gary Nash author of Red, White, and Black purpose to their readers is describing the early colonists, but also the relationships toward Europeans, the Indians, and the Africans. Nash successfully analyzes the impact of the colliding three cultures and interprets them to give an overall theme about the relationships between those who made America what it is today. He has shown another point of view to his reader that we grew up and was raise in a white people land; learning only the White people point of view through history. His purpose of writing Red, White & Black was to prove that Native Americans and Africans were not victims, but played as a active role to American history. Nash major theme that he covers in his book was about the three cultures in America and to interpret them overall. The theme is about the issue that Americans have towards the Native American and Africans. He wanted to examine and studied other culture history instead of only learning from the American side. He figures out that they were victims to the history and was just a role in the American history. His main point of time frame was from 1492-1796. The introduction to Nash research took place in Eastern and Northern America. Nash was against how the founding fathers came to America and affected the Natives and Africans. He was against how the founding fathers came to their land and changed their destiny of lives and culture because they took what belong to them first. Anthropologists call this process â€Å"transculturation† and historians call it â€Å"Social change. † His argument towards the historical terms is that we are studying a dynamic process of interaction that shaped the history of American Indians, Europeans, and Africans in the North America in the 17 & 18 centuries. Gary B. Nash was arguing of something different than what is written to us. He believes of what the founding father want us to know and was marked down through history. But reality during those times American Indians and Africans had a big destiny change when the European came along. They changed and affected their lives in there home land. Gary B. Nash written Red, White, and Black purpose was mainly to let people know that, what’s ever that was passed down from the founding father in history is only what their views were and marked down in papers. How the Americans European changed the lives of all Native American and African that was located at Eastern and Northern America.

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B. Tech. (Third Semester) Automobile Engg. HUM-201E: Basics of Economics and Management Sessional Theory Total Duration :50 marks :100 marks : 150 marks : 3 hours Unit-I Meaning of Industrial Economic, production function, its types, least cost combination, law of variable proportion, law of returns; increasing, constant & Diminishing. Fixed & variable costs in short run & long run, opportunity costs, relation between AC & MC. U-shaped short run AC curve.Price & output determination under monopoly in short run & long run, price discrimination, price determination under discriminating Monopoly, comparison between Monopoly & perfect competition. Unit- II Meaning of management, characteristics of management, management Vs administration, management – Art, Science & Profession, Fayol’s principles of management. Human relations approach. Functions of management. Unit-III Planning & Organizing Planning, steps in planning. Planning premises, difference between planning policy & strategy. Authority & responsibility, centralization & decentralization.Unit-IV Staffing, directing & controlling – Manpower planning, Recruitment & section styles of leadership, communication process and barriers, control process and steps in controlling. Note: – Eight questions are to be set taking two from each unit. The students are required to attempt five questions in all taking at least one from each unit. SCHEME OF STUDIES & EXAMINATION rd B. TECH. 3 year Automobile Engg. Semester-V S. No Course No. Course Title Teaching Schedule Marks for class work Total Marks for exam Marks L T P Total Theory Practical 1 AE-301 E Design of automobile components-I 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 2 AE-303 E Auto electrical Systems 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 3 ME-305 E Heat Transfer 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 4 ME-307 E Industrial Engineering 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 5 AE-309 E Automotive Transmission-I 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 AE-311 E 6 AE-313 E Applied Numerical Techniques & Computing 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 7 Automotive Transmission Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 8 AE-315 E Auto electrical Systems Lab – – 3 3 25 – 25 50 9 10 11 ME-317 E ME-319E AE-321 E Heat Transfer Lab Industrial Engineering Lab Applied Numerical Techniques & Computing Lab – – 2 2 – 2 2 – 25 25 25 – 25 25 25 0 50 50 TOTAL 18 6 9 33 425 600 125 1150 Note-Students will be allowed to use Non-Programmable scientific calculator. However, sharing of calculator will not be allowed SCHEME OF STUDIES & EXAMINATION rd B. TECH. 3 year Automobile Engg. Semester-VI S. No Course No. Course Title Teaching Schedule Marks for class work Total Marks for exam Marks L AE-302 E AE-304 E AE-306 E T P Total Theory Practical 1 2 3 Two & Three wheeler Vehicles Engineering Materials Design of automobile components-II 3 4 3 1 1 – 4 4 4 50 50 50 100 100 100 – 150 150 – 150 4 AE-308 E Auto Pollution & Control 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 5 AE-310 E Tribology & Preventive Maintenance 3 1 – 4 50 100 – 150 6 AE-312 E Microprocessor and interfacing 4 – – 4 50 100 – 150 7 AE-314 E Microprocessor and interfacing lab 3 1 – 4 25 – 25 50 8 AE-316 E Automobile Engg. Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 9 AE-318 E Auto pollution & Control Lab – – 2 2 25 – 25 50 10 AE-320 E Graphics Lab – – 3 3 25 – 25 50 11 AE-322 E Tribology Lab – 2 2 25 25 50 TOTAL 19 5 9 33 425 600 125 1150 Note-Students will be allowed to use Non-Programmable scientific calculator. However, sharing of calculator will not be allowedScheme of Studies & Examination B. Tech. 4th Year Automobile Engg. Semester – VII Sr. No. Course No. Course Title Teaching L T 2 1 1 1 P 2 2 7 2 Total 5 4 3 4 4 2 2 7 2 Sessional Marks for Exam Theory Practical 25 25 100 – Total Marks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AE-401 E ME-403 E AE-402 E AE AE AE-407 E AE-409 E AE-411 E AE-413 E Mechanical vibrations Measurement and Control Vehicle Body Engineering Elective-I Elective-II M&C & Mechnical Vibration Lab Vehicle Maintencance Lab Project-I Pravcticle Training 3 3 3 3 3 – 50 50 50 50 50 25 25 100 125 100 100 100 100 100 – 50 150 150 150 150 50 50 200 125 Total 15 5 13 33 525 500 150 1175 Note: Students will be allowqed to use Non-Programmabkle sciectific calcuator. However, sharing calculator wil not be allowed. Scheme of Studies & Examination B. Tech. 4th Year Automobile Engg. Semester – VIII Sr. No. Course No. Course Title Teaching L 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sessional P 3 9 Total 4 4 3 4 3 3 9 2 32 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 25 425 Marks for Exam Theory 100 100 100 100 100 Practical 1 25 100 50 75 500 250 Total Marks T 1 1 1 – AE-402 E ME=404 E AE-406 E AE AE AE-408 E AE-410 E AE-412 E AE-414 E AE-416 ETrasport Management Computer Added vehicle design Motor Vehilce & environment protection Elective-III Elective-IV Computer added vehicle design Lab Project-II Seminar Comprehensive Viva General fitness for profession Total 3 3 3 4 3 2 18 150 150 150 150 150 75 200 25 50 75 1175 2 12 Note: Students will be allowqed to use Non-Programmabkle sciectific calcuator. However, sharing calculator wil not be allowed. B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-301E DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS-1 L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction:- Problem identification – problem statement, specifications, constraints, Feasibility study-technical feasibility, economic & financial feasibility, societal & environmental feasibility, Generation of solution field (solution variants), D esign Procedure, System Design Cycle, Life cycle costs, selection of fits and tolerances and analysis of dimensional chains, Human factors engineering.Concept of tearing, bearing, shearing, crushing, bending etc, Stress concentration, factor of safety under different loading conditions. Selection of Materials:-Mechanical properties of the commonly used Engg materials, hardness, and Strength parameters with reference to stress-strain diagram. Introduction to various theories of failure; selection of Engg Materials.UNIT- II MechanicalJoints:-Bolted joints in tension, eccentrically loaded bolted joints in shear and under combined stresses, Design of Power Screw; Coupling design; Design of various types of welding joints under different static load conditions, eccentrically loaded riveted joints; design of cotter and knuckle joint Brakes :-Self energizing condition of brakes, design of shoe brakes – internal & external expanding, band brakes, and disc brakes, Braking lever design , Thermal considerations in brake designing UNIT- III Clutch :-Design of single plate clutch, multi plate clutch, design of centrifugal clutch, cone clutch, energy dissipated, torque capacity of clutch, design of clutch components, design details of roller and sprag type of clutches Vehicle Frame :-Study of loads, moments, and stresses on frame members.Design considerations for frame of passenger and commercial vehicles, materials for automobile structure. UNIT- IV Front Axle and Steering Systems :-Analysis of loads, moments and stresses at different sections of front axle, determination of loads at kingpin bearings and wheel spindle bearings, determination of optimum dimensions and proportions for steering linkages ensuring minimum error in steering. Final Drive and Rear Axle :-Detailed design of shafts for static and dynamic loading, Rigidity and deflection consideration, design of propeller shaft, design details of full floating, semifloating and three quarter floating rear shaft s and rear axle housings. Books 1.Automobile Mechanics by Giri. N. K, Khanna Publisher, New Delhi –2002 2. Fundamental of Machine component design by Juvenal R. C, John Wiley, 3rd Edition 3. PSG Design Data book by PSG College of Technology, Combative, 2000 4. Selection & use of engineering materials – J. A. Charles – Butterworth – Heinemann 3 ed– 06 5. Design of Machine Elements – V. B. Bhandari- McGraw Hill 6. Automotive Chassis by Heldt. P. M. , Chilton Co. , New York – 1992 7. Steering, Suspension and tyres by Giles. K. G, Illiffe Books Ltd. , London – 1998 8. Motor Vehicle by Newton Steeds & Garret, Illiffe Books Ltd. , London- 2000 9. Automobile Chassis Design by Dean Averns,Illiffe Books Ltd. – 1992 10. MechanicalEngg. Design by Joseph Edward Shigley, MGH 11. Machine Design – An integrated Approach by R. L. Norton, Addison Wesley B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-303E AUTO ELECTRICA L SYSTEMS L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction :-Earth returns and insulated return systems, 6, 12, and 24-volt systems. Positive & negative earth systems.Fusing of circuits, relays, switches, low and high voltage automotive cables, wiring diagram for typical automotive wiring systems, maintenance and servicing. Batteries:- Principles of lead acid cells and their characteristics – construction and working of lead acid battery, types of batteries, testing of batteries, effect of temperature on: capacity and voltage, battery capacity, voltage, efficiency, charging of batteries, sulphation and desulphation, maintenance and servicing, Battery failures & checking, Maintenance free Batteries, High energy and power de nsity batteries for electric vehicles. UNIT- II Charging system:-Principle of generation of direct current. Shunt generator characteristics. Armature reaction. Third brush regulation. Cut-out.Voltage & current regulators, compensated voltage regulator. Alternators – principle, constructional and working aspects, bridge rectifiers. Principle of Magneto, Flywheel Magneto, Maintenance and servicing. Trouble shooting in charging systems. UNIT- III Starting system:-Condition at Starting – starting torque and power requirements, behavior of starter during starting. Series motor and its characteristics. Principle & construction of starter motor. Working of different starter drive units, care & maintenance of starter motor. Starter switches. Safety mechanism. Maintenance, servicing and trouble shooting. Ignition system:- Types, construction & working of battery & coil and magneto ignition systems.Relative merits, Ballast Resistor, Ignition coil, Distributor, Contact breaker Po int, centrifugal and vacuum advance mechanisms, Limitations of conventional ignition systems, Transistorized Ignition systems, Spark plugs – construction, different types, plug fouling, maintenance, servicing and fault diagnosis, Electronic Ignition system. Programmed ignition, distributor less ignition. UNIT-IV Lighting system ;- Principle of automobile illumination, headlamp construction and wiring, reflectors – types, signaling devices- flashers, stop lights, fog lamps, auxiliary lighting-engine, passenger, reading lamp. Regn-plate lamps. Automatic illumination system. Head light levelling devices. Study of a modern headlight system with improved night vision.Electrical Equipment and Accessories :-Oil pressure gauge, fuel level gauge, engine temperature gauge, electrical fuel pump, speedometer, odometer, trip meter, engine rpm meter, Headlamp & Windshield washer and wiper, heaters and defrosters, horns, stereo/radio, power antennae. Central locking, power window win ding. Sun/Moon Roof. Motorized rear view mirrors, reverse warning, Bumper collision warning. Other accessories in modern vehicles. Books 1. â€Å"Automotive Electrical Equipment â€Å", P. L. Kohli, Tata McGraw-Hill Co. Ltd. New Delhi, 1975. 2. â€Å"Principles of Electricity and electronics for the Automotive Technician†, Chapman, Thomson Asia, 2000. 3. Modern Electrical Equipment of Automobiles†, A. W. Judge. Chapman & Hall, London. 4. â€Å"Automobile Electrical and Electronic Equipments â€Å", A. P. Young. & L. Griffiths, English Languages Book Society & New Press, 1990. 5. â€Å"Storage Batteries â€Å", G. W. Vinal. John Wiley & Sons Inc. , New York, 1985. 6. â€Å"Automobile Electrical Equipment â€Å", W. H. Crouse. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. , New York, 7. â€Å"Electrical Ignition Equipment â€Å", F. G. Spreadbury, Constable & Co Ltd. , London, 1962. 8. â€Å"Basic Automotive Electrical Systems†, C. P. Nakra, Dhanpat B-Tech3rdYear (5th Semest er) (Automobile Engineering) ME-305E Heat Transfer L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Heat Exchanger Function, Classification, types and applications of heat Exchangers, heat rejection ratio elements of heatexchanger, Working fluid: Liquid and Gas, Dalton’s law of partial pressures; Effect of leakage of air. Methods tocheck and prevent air infiltration, selection of heat exchangers, heat exchanger design methodology. Single Phase Heat Exchangers: LMTD and NTU methods for evaporator and condenser tubes, and parallel andcounter flow heat exchangers, calculation of number and length of tubes in a heat exchanger.Rating and sizingmethods, design criteria, geometry, process parameters, pressure drops and applicationsCondensation Mech anism, types of condensers and design procedures, Evaporators, Design procedures,augmented surface heat exchangers, Heat transfer coefficients, pressure drops, compact heat exchangers and air coolers, plate heat exchangers and plate fine heat exchangers Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers: Types and design procedure and applications Installation, Operation and Maintenance: Fouling factors, type of fouling, and cleaning methods UNIT-II Air ConditioningBasic Concept Natural and Mechanical refrigeration; Application of Refrigeration; Units of refrigeration and Coefficient of performance; Refrigeration effect, cooling capacity and COP of a refrigerator; Reversed Carnot cycle and its limitations, Meaning of air conditioning, Refrigerants Classification, properties, selection criteria, commonly used refrigerants, alternative refrigerants, eco-friendly refrigerants, and applications of refrigerants. Refrigerants used in automobile air conditioning, Basic vapourcompression system. UNIT-III Air Condit ioning Concept and Applications; Psychometric properties of air; Dry bulb, wet bulb and dew point temperatures; Relative and specific humidity; degree of saturation adiabatic saturation temperature, enthalpy of air and water vapours; psychometric chart. Human requirement of comforts; effectivetemperature and comfort charts; Industrial and comfort air conditioning.Psychometric Processes Sensible heating and cooling, cooling with dehumidification; Heating with dehumidification; by-pass factor; chemical dehumidification; adiabatic mixing, air washer. UNIT-IV Calculations for Air –conditioning Load and for Rate and state of Supply Air Sources of heat load; sensible and latent heat load; sensible heat factor; apparatus dew point temperature; Rate and state of air supply for air- conditioning of vehicles. Air Conditioning Equipment Brief description of compressors, condensers, evaporators and expansion devices; Cooling towers; Ducts; dampers; grills; air filters; fans; room air con ditioners; split units; automotive air conditioning systems-HVAC model Text Books: 1. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer by DS Kumar, SK Kataria and Sons, Delhi 2.A Course in Heat and Mass Transfer by S Domkundwar; DhanpatRai and Sons, Delhi 3. Refrigeration and Conditioning by CP Arora, Tata McGraw Hill 4. Refrigeration and Conditioning by Manohar Prasad, Wiley Eastern Limited Reference Books: 1. Heat Transfer by AJ Chapman; Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 2. Heat transfer by JP Holmans, McGraw Hill, London 3. Refrigeration and Conditioning by Jordan and Priester, Prentice Hall of India 4. Refrigeration and Conditioning by WF Stoecker, McGraw 5. Automotive Air conditioning by Paul Lung, CBS Publisher & Distributor, New Delhi. B-Tech3rdYear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-307E INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERINGL 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questi ons from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Introduction to work study; Method study; Basic procedure; Recording techniques (charts and diagrams); Elemental breakdown; Micro-motion studies; Therbligs; SIMO-chart; Principles of motion –economy. Introduction; Objectives; technique; (time) information recording; methods of timings; Time study allowances; Work sampling technique; Performance rating and its determination PMTS; M. T. M. ; Work factor.UNIT- II Principles of organization, Importance and characteristics of organization, Organization theories; Classical Organization theory; Neo-Classical organization theory, Modern organization theory; Types of organization, Military or line organization, Functional organization, Line and staff organization, Committees. Objectives of PPC; Functions of PPC; Preplanning and planning; Routing; Estimating; scheduling-master schedule; Daily schedule; Gantt cha rt; Dispatching –centralized vs. decentralized; Control; Follow up and progress reporting. Introduction; Product development; Product characteristics; Role of product development; 3Ss – Standardization; Simplification and Specialization.UNIT- III Introduction, Objectives and importance of sales forecasting, Types of forecasting, Methods of sales forecasting-Collective opinion method, Delphi technique, economic indicator method; Regression analysis, Moving average method, Time series analysis. Introduction, Functions of inventory; Types of inventory; Control importance and functions, Inventory costs, Factors affecting inventory control, Various inventory control models. A. B. C. analysis, Lead-time calculations. UNIT- IV Introduction; Objectives; Concept and life cycle of a product and V. E. ; Steps in VE. , Methodology and techniques, Fast diagram, Matrix method. Various concepts in industrial engineering a) WAGES AND INCENTIVES; -Concept; Types; Plans; Desirable chara cteristics. b) ERGONOMICS; – its importance; Man-machine work place system; Human factors considerations in system design. ) SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT; – its definition, Concept, Objectives, Applications, benefits, Some successful cases in Indian Industries. d) JIT; – Its definition, Concept, Importance, Misconception, Relevance, Applications, Elements of JIT (brief description). e) MRP;-Introduction, Objectives, factors, Guide lines, Techniques Elements of MRP f) TIME MANAGEMENT;-Introduction, Steps of time management, Ways for saving time, Key for time saves. Reference and Text books: ? Production planning and control by S. Elion ? Modren production Management by S. S Buffa ? Industrial engg. and management manufacturing system by Surender kumar, Satya prakashan ? Essence of Supply Chain Management by R.P mohanty and S. G Deshmukh ? Industrial engg. and management by S Sharma and Savita Sharma B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-309E AUTOM OTIVE TRANSMISSON-I L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Introduction:-Need for Transmission system. Tractive Effort and Resistances to Motion of a vehicle. Requirements of transmission system. Classification of Transmission systems.Single, Two or Four Wheel drive systems. Multi axle drives. Chain, Shaft and Electric drives. Location of transmission system. Different transmissions in scooter, car, MUVs and transport vehicles of Indian make. Clutch:-Automatic Clutch. Dry and Wet type of clutch. Friction lining materials. Over-running clutch. Modes of operating a clutch –mechanical, hydraulic and electric. Principle of operation, Constructional details, torque capacity and design aspects. Different types of clutches. Operation of single plate: helical spring and diaphragm type, and multiplate clutch. Centrifugal clutch UNIT- II Gear box:-Determination of gear ratios for vehicles.Performance characteristics in different speeds. Different types of gear boxes – sliding, constant and synchromesh type. Need for double declutching and working of synchronizing unit. Power and economy modes in gearbox. Transfer box. Transaxles. Overdrives. Gear shifting mechanisms – mechanical link andwiretypes UNIT-III Hydrodynamic drive :-Fluid coupling- principle of operation, constructional details. Torque capacity. Performance characteristics, Reduction of drag torque. Torque converter-Principle of operation, constructional details, performance characteristics, converter coupling, multistage torque converters and Polyphase torque converters.Hydrostatic drive:-Hydrostatic driveVarious types of hydrostatic systems – Principles of hydrostatic drive system, Advantage and limitations, Comparison of hydrostat ic drive with hydrodynamic drive – Construction and working of typical Jannyhydrostatic drive. UNIT-IV Electric drive :-Electric drive Principle of early and modified Ward Leonard Control system. Advantage & limitations. Performance characteristics. Study of drive system in an electric and hybrid vehicle. Automatic transmission applications Chevrolet â€Å"Turboglide† Transmission, Powerglide Transmission Toyota â€Å"ECT-i† Automatic Transmission with Intelligent Electronic controls system, Hydraulic Actuation system. References: 1. Heldt. P. M. , † Torque converters â€Å", Chilton Book Co. 2. Newton and Steeds, † Motor vehicles â€Å", llliffe Publishers. 3. Judge. A. W. † Modern Transmission systems â€Å", Chapman and Hall Ltd. 4. SAE Transactions 900550 & 930910. 5. † Hydrostatic transmissions for vehicle applications†, I Mech E Conference,1981-88. 6. Crouse. W. H. , Anglin. , D. L. , † Automotive Transmission and Pow er Trains construction â€Å", McGraw-Hill. B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-311E Applied numerical technique & computing L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit.UNIT- I Solution of equations and eigen value problems: Iterative method, Newton-Raphson method for single variable and for simultaneous equations with two variables. Solutions of linear system by Gaussian, Gauss-Jordan, Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel methods. Inverse of a matrix by GaussJordan method, Eigen value of a matrix by power and Jacobi methods. UNIT- II Interpolation: Newton’s divided difference formula, Lagrange and Hermit’s polynomials. Newton forward and backward difference formulae, Stirling’s and Bessel’s central differen ce formulae. Numerical Differentiation and Integration: Numerical differentiation with interpolation polynomials, UNIT-III Numerical integration by Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules. Two and three point Gaussian quardratureformula.Double integrals using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rules. Initial value problems for ordinary differential equations: Single Step Methods-Taylor Series, Euler and Modified Euler, Runge-Kutta method of order four for first and second order differential equations. UNIT- IV Boundary value problems for ordinary and partial differential equations: Finite difference solution for the second order ordinary differential equations. Finite difference solution for onedimensional heat equation one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace and Poisson equations. BOOKS: 1. Sastry, S. S Introductory Methods of Numerical Analysis (Third Edition), Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi, 1998. 2.Kandasamy, P. , Thilakavathy, K, and Gumnavathy, K, Numerical M ethods, S. Chand & Co. , New Delhi, 1999. 3. Grewal, B. S and GrewalJ. S. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Science, Hanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1999. 4. Jain, M. K. , Iyengar, S. R. K and Jain, R. K. Numerical Methods for Engineering and Scientific Computation (Third Edition), New Age International (P) Ltd. , New Delhi, 1995. 5. Gerald, C. F. and Wheatley, P. O. Applied Numerical Analysis (Fifth Edition), AddisonWesley, Singapore, 1998. 6. Narayanan, S. , ManickavachakamPillai, K. andRamanaiah, G. Advanced Mathematics for Engineering Students Volume-III,S Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd. 1993.B-Tech 3rd year (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-313E AUTOMOTIVE TRANSMISSION LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of experiments :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark 1. Study of a layout of transmission system for a front wheel drive, rear wheel drive and a four wheel drive arrangement 2. Trouble shooting in different types of friction clutches 3. Study of layout of gears and shafts in a manual t ype gearbox and a transaxle. 4. Trouble shooting in manual type of gearbox and a transaxle 5. Study of layout in a manual & automatic gearbox for a two wheeler 6. Trouble shooting in gearbox of two wheeler of previous experiment 7. Study of layout of an automatic gearbox. 8.Study of gear shifting controls in an automatic gearbox 9. Trouble shooting in an automatic gearbox 10. Study of performance of an automatic gearbox. 11. Study of a manual and electric Transfer Case. 12. Trouble shooting in Transfer Case of previous experiment. 13. Study of an electric drive in an Electric vehicle Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech (5th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-315E AUTO ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS LAB L T P 3 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To understand the layout of complete wiring system of an automobile. 2. Perform he various tests for checking the bat tery condition. 3. To understand and test the charging circuit and charging motor. 4. To conduct performance test on a dynamo, alternator & starter motor. 5. To understand & test the starting circuit and trouble shooting in it. 6. Understand and test the conventional ignition system, setting of contact breaker points and spark plug gap. 7. Understand the working and testing of an Electronic Ignition system 8. Understand and test the lighting circuit of a car. 9. Conduct headlamp focusing as per the procedure. 10. Study the working of different accessories of a modern car 11. To study the layout / working of a Fuel Cell powered electric car.Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark B-Tech3rdyear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-317E HEAT TRANSFER LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. Determination of thermal conductivi ty of: a solid insulating material by slab method powder materials by concentric spheres method / or by some transient heat transfer technique †¢ liquids by employing thin layer †¢ a metal by comparison with another metal by employing two bars when kept in series and / or in parallel under different boundary conditions 2.Determination of coefficient of heat transfer for free/forced convection from the surface of a cylinder / plate when kept †¢ along the direction of flow †¢ perpendicular to the direction of flow †¢ inclined at an angle to the direction of flow 3. Determination heat transfer coefficient by radiation and hence find the Stefan Boltzman's constant using two plates/two cylinders of same size by making one of the plates/cylinders as a black body 4. To plot the temperature profile and to determine fin effectiveness and fin efficiency for †¢ A rod fin when its tip surface is superimposed by different boundary condition †¢ †¢ :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark †¢ Straight transfer fins of various sizes and optimization of fin proportions †¢ Circumferential fins of rectangular/triangular section 5. Study of various elements of an air conditioner system through cut sections models / actual apparatus 6.Study of design of an AC condenser / evaporator as an heat exchanger. 7. Calculation/ Estimation of cooling load for a vehicle 8. Study and performance of car air conditioner (HVAC model) Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech3rdyear (5th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) ME-319E INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark List of Experiments 1. To study various Rating Factor systems and find standard time for making small sand mould. 2. To study various plat layouts and suggest improvements in existing Machines Shop layout. 3.To study and draw organizati onal structure of a near by industry and suggest changes. 4. To draw X and R charts for a given sample of products to check their acceptance. 5. To draw p chart for a given product lot and verify its acceptance 6. Draw a flow process chart with time estimates for a simple welding process. 7. Draw a two handed process chart for a simple process of a job preparation on a lathe. 8. To study various purchase procedures and draw organizational structure of college purchase department. 9. A case study on ABC/VED analysis. 10. A case study on Quality Improvement Techniques (e. g. Hostel Mess/ Workshop / Canteen etc. ) 11. A market survey and analysis. 12.A â€Å"preliminary project report† preparation for any small-scale unit. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by 1. institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech (VTH semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-321E Applied Numerical Techniques& Computing Lab L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments 1. To develop computer program to determine roots of a given equation using method of Newton -Raphson method, 2. To develop computer programs for solution of system of simultaneous linear equations using Gauss Elimination Technique 3. Numerical Integration with Simpson's rule and Gaussian Integration 4.Solution of ordinary differential equations by (i) Euler Method (ii) Runge-Kutta Method (iii) Taylor Series Methods 5. Develop a computer program to generate random numbers. 6. Develop a computer program to carry out a numerical integration using Monte Carlo Method. 7. Develop a computer program to find the value of pi using Monte Carlo method with different total number of computations. 8. Develop a computer program to simulate the car wash station problem. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark B-Te ch 3rd year (6th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-302E L 3 T 1 P – TWO AND THREE WHEELER VEHICLESSessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT- I Power Unit: Two stroke and four stroke SI engine, merits and demerits. Symmetrical and unsymmetrical port timing diagrams. Types of scavenging processes merits and demerits, scavenging efficiency. Scavenging pumps. Rotary valve engine. UNIT- II Fuel system. Lubrication system. Magneto coil and battery coil spark ignition system. electronic Ignition system. Starting system.Kick starter system. UNIT- III Chassis and Sub-Systems: barMainframe, its types. Chassis and shaft drive. Single, multiple plates and centrifugal clutches. Gear box and gear controls. Front and rear suspension- systems. Shock abs orbers. Panel meters and controls on handle. UNIT- IV Brake and Wheels: Drum brakes, Disc brakes, front and rear brake links layouts. Spoked wheel, Cast wheel. Disc wheel. Disctypes. Tyres&tubes. Two wheeler dynamics: Stability of two wheelers on straight and curved path. B-Tech3rdyear (6th semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-304E ENGINEERING MATERIALS L 4 T P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks : 100 Marks : 150 MarksNOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Atomic structure of metals & crystal system:- crystallographic notation of atomic planes, polymorphism and allotropy, solidification of crystallization (i) nuclear formation (crystal growth) (ii) crystal imperfection Elementary treatment of theories of plastic deformation, phenomenon of slip twinning, dislocation, identification of crystallographic possible slip planes and direction in FCC, BCC, C. P. , recovery, re-crystallization, preferred orientation causes and effects on the property of metals. UNIT-II .General principles of phase transformation in alloys:-, phase rule and equilibrium diagrams, Equilibrium diagrams of (i) Binary system in which the components form a mechanical mixture of crystals in the solid state and are completely mutually soluble in both liquid state. (ii) systems whose components have complete mutual solubility in the liquid state and limited solubility in the solid state in which the solid state solubility deceases with temperature(iii) alloys whose components have complete mutual solubility in the liquid state and limited solubility in solid state (iv) system whose components are subject to allotropic change. Iron carbon equilibrium diagram and their Phase transformation UNIT-III Engineering materials and their properties:- classification. Classification of ferrous and nonferrous materials. Classi fication of cast iron-properties and their applications.Effects of alloying elements on properties of steel, carbon steel, low alloy steels, stainless steel, tool steels and die steels. Alloys of Ni, Al, Cu, Mg; properties and their applications. Classification of composite materials and their properties and applications. UNIT-IV 4. Heat treatment and surface treatment: Heat treatment of steel – Annealing, Normalising, Hardening and tempering with their types and application to automotive components, surface hardening techniques, Induction, flame and chemical hardening, coating of wear and corrosion resistance, Electroplating. Phosphating, Anodizing, hot dipping, thermal spraying, hard facing and thin film coatings. Selection of materials: Cryogenic wear, corrosion, fatigue, creep and oxidation resistance application. riteria of selecting materials for automotive components viz cylinder block, Cylinder head, piston, piston ring, Gudgeon pin, connecting rod, crank shaft, crank case, cam,cam shaft, engine valve, gear wheel, clutch plate, axle, bearings, chassis, spring, body panel – radiator, brake lining etc. Application of non-metallic materials such as composite, ceramic and polymers in automobile. References: 1. Khanna. O. P. , † Material Science and Metallurgy â€Å", DhanapalRai& Sons, 2. Kapoor, † Material Science and Processes â€Å", New India Publishing House, 3. Raghavan. V. , Physical Metallurgy, Principle and Practice, Prentice Hall, 4. Bawa. H. S. , Materials Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill,. 5. Avner S. H†.Introduction to Physical Metallurgy† McGraw-Hill, New York, 6. Dieter, G. E. , Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996. 7. Heat treatment of metals B. Zakharv B-Tech 3rdyear (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-306E DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS-II L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Belts and Chains systems Design for the selection of V-belt, toothed belt and chains. Design of pulley for belt, and sprocket for chain.UNIT-II Suspension Systems Type of springs and their uses, Design for helical springs, under tension, compression and fluctuating loads, design of leaf springs, Belleville springs, Air (Pneumatic) springs, Surging phenomenon in springs. UNIT-III Transmissions Basics of gears and gear trains, nomenclature, design of spur, helical, straight bevel gears, worm and worm wheel. UNIT-IV Bearing Basics of bearings, their types, nomenclature. Selection criteria, Design of sliding and rolling type of bearings, Details of design of bearing housings Design of Lubrication systems for different assemblies in vehicles UNIT-IV Engine Components Details of cylinder and piston assembly and their failures. Choice of material for piston and cylinder. Details, failures, and design of connecting rod, crankshaft, and camshaft. Material for crankshaft, connecting rod, and camshaft.Basics of Valves and their design. Design aspects of intake and exhaust manifolds, valves springs, tappets, valve trains. Materials for the same. Text Books 1. Design Data Book by PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, 2000. 2. Automobile Mechanics by Giri. N. K. , Khanna Publisher, New Delhi – 2002. 3. Fundamental of Machine Component Design by Juvenal R. C, John Wiley. 4. Vehicular Engine Design, â€Å" by Kevin L Hoag, SAE Publication 5. An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design, Julian Happiah Smith, SAE Publication 6. High Speed Combustion Engines by P. M. Heldt, Oxford-IBH Publishing Co. 7. Mechanical Engg. Design by Joseph Edward Shigley, MGH 8.Machine Design – An integrated Approach by R. L. Norton, Addison Wesley 9. Automobile Chassis Design by Dean Averns, Illiffe Books Ltd. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Autom obile Engineering) AE-308 AUTO PULLUTION AND CONTROL L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Introduction: General Scenario on automotive Pollution, Pollutants-sources-formation-effectstransient operational effects on pollution.Engine Combustion and Pollutant Formation: HC, CO, NOx, Particulate Matters, Aldehyde emissions, Effect of operating variables on emission formation. Emission Control Efforts: Supply of fuel – establishment of national test centers, construction of road networks. UNIT-II Alternate Fuels : Estimation of petroleum reserve – need for alternate fuels – Merits & Demerits and uses of CNG, LPG, Alcohols, Hydrogen, Bio-fuels, Electric Energy, Solar Energy. Emission Standards : Evaluation of Emission S tandards – Mandatory Tests for Emission measurement – Type Approval & Production Conformity Tests – Driving Cycles, Bharat Stages & Euro emission standards.UNIT-III Control Techniques for SI and CI: Design changes, optimization of operating factors, Control of Crankcase emission, Evaporative emission, Exhaust emission – exhaust gas recirculation, air injector PCV system, thermal reactors, catalytic converters. UNIT-IV Test Procedure & Instrumentation for Emission Measurement: Test proceduresMeasurements of invisible emissions -ORSAT apparatus, NDIR analyzer, Flame ionization detectors, Chemiluminescent analyzer, Gas analyzer, Measurements of visible emissions – Comparison methods & Obscure methods – Smoke meters, Emission standards. Reference: 1. B. P. Pundir, â€Å"Engine Emissions†, Narosa Publishing House, 2007. 2. V. Ganesan, Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill Co. , 2004. 3. K. K. Ramalingam, â€Å"Automobile Engineeri ng†, Scitech Publications Pvt. Ltd. , 2005 4.Amitosh De, â€Å"Automobile Engineering†, Galgotia Publications Pvt. Ltd. , 2004 5. Dr. N. K. Giri, â€Å"Automobile Mechanic†, Khanna Publishers, 2006 6. Heywood. J. B. , Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1995. 7. Automobiles and Pollution SAE Transaction, 1995. B-TECH 3rd YEAR (6th SEMESTER) (AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING) AE-310E TRIBOLOGY & PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE L 3 T 1 P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit.UNIT- I INTRODUCTION :-Introduction to Tribology, general tribological considerations in design of gears, cams, reciprocating components, Engine tribology basics – importance , tribological aspects of engine components such as bearing, piston assemb ly, valve train, transmission drive line-transmission, traction drive, universal and constant velocity joints, wheel bearings, drive chains, lubrication regims in the engine. UNIT -II FRICTION AND WEAR:-Nature of metal surface, surface properties, surface parameters and measurements, types, sliding friction, rolling friction, theories of friction, modified adhesive theory, engine friction, losses and engine design parameters. Introduction to wear, types of wear, theories of wear, mechanism of wear, wear testing and methods of wear measurements, factors affecting wear.UNIT-III BEARINGS, LUBRICATION AND AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICANTS:- Theory of hydrodynamics, lubrication, generalizedReynold’s equation & physical significance of terms, pressure distribution and load carrying capacity equations for hydrodynamic journal bearinginfinitely long and short bearing approximations, thrust bearings, Raleigh bearing sintered bearings. Automotive Lubricants- introduction, properties, standard test methods for automotive lubricants, testing, classification, engine oil performance designations, tests, transmission fluids, gear lubricants, axle lubricants, solid lubricants, automotive engine oils, EP lubricants, Lubricant monitoring, SOAP, ferrography and other rapid testing methods of lubricant contaminationHYDROSTATIC AND ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION:- Hydrostatic bearings, basic concepts, bearing characteristic number and performance coefficients, flat, conical & spherical pad thrust bearing, air & gas lubricated bearing, squeeze film lubrication Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication, introduction, rolling of two cylinders, lubrication of ball & roller bearings, cams and gears, selection and life estimation, fatigue and diagnosis. . UNIT-IV INTRODUCTION TO PREVENTIVE MAINTANENCE:-Definition of preventive maintenance, difference between regular maintenance and preventive maintenance, preventive maintenance schedule for passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles, Noise, wear and co rrosive maintenance.PERIODIC MAINTANENECE:-Maintenance of batteries, Lead acid battery, Factor affecting battery life, testing and battery troubles Maintenance of auxiliaries Lubrication system, greasing of vehicle , lubricationcharts , Cooling system Maintenance, Maintenance of Electrical system, testing of starters ,alternators, ignition coils, wiring harness, horns, wipers, maintenance of drive line system Reference Books 1. Fuller D. D. , â€Å"Theory and Practice of Lubrication for Engineers â€Å". John Wiley and Sons. 2. Halling J. , â€Å"Principles of Tribology â€Å", McMillan Press Ltd. 3 Cameron A. â€Å"Basic Lubrication Theory â€Å", Wiley Eastern Ltd. 4 Neale M. J. â€Å"Tribology Hand Book â€Å", Butterworths. 5 O. P. Orlov, â€Å"Fundamentals of Machine Design â€Å", Vol. IV, MIR. 6 Hamrok B. J. â€Å"Fundamentals of Fluid film lubrication†, McGraw Hill, New York,NY 7 Automotive Chassis – P. M. Heldt, Chilton Co. NK 8 Young, Griffiths , â €Å"Automobile Electrical & Electronic Equipments’ Butterworths, London 9 G. B. S.Narang, â€Å"Automobile Engineering† 10 NakraB. C. ,†Theory& Practice of mechanical Vibrations†, McGraw Hill 11 Nakra B. C. &Chowdhari K. K. , â€Å"Instrumentation, measurements and analysis†, McGraw Hill. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-312E MICROPROCESSORS & INTERFACING L 4 T P Sessional Theory Total : 50 Marks 100 Marks :150 Marks NOTE: In the semester examination, the paper setter will set 8 questions in all, at least two questions from each unit, and students will be required to attempt only 5 questions, selecting at least one from each unit. UNIT-I Basic Electronics :Introduction: Electronic devices and circuits, Amplifiers, Converters, Digital Electronics.Microprocessors Block diagram of microcomputer, Architecture of Intel 8085, Importance of Data, Address and Control buses, Instruction formats, Addressing modes and types of instruc tions in Intel 8085, Instruction set of 8085. Memory Devices, RAM, ROM Types, Microprocessor interfacing with memory chips. LAN and CAN Network basics Microcontroller:Comparison of microprocessor & microcontrollers, survey of 4,8,16 & 32 bit microcontrollers. Architecture of 8051:Block Diagram, oscillator & clock, Program Counter, registers, Flags, Internal memory, stack & stack pointer, special function register, Input/Output Pins, Ports and Circuits, External memory, Counters & Timers, Serial Data input/output interrupts. DC Motor and Stepper motor controls.UNIT-II Electronic fuel control system:Introduction, components, Open loop and closed loop control systems, intake manifold pressures, mass air flow rate sensor, Throttle body injection and multi port or point fuel injection, Fuel injection system, Injector operations, Injection system controls. :Motivation for electronic engine control, concept, parameters, Digital engine control variables, Engine mapping, control strategy, El ectronic engine management components, layout. Engine cranking and warm up control, Acceleration enrichment, Deceleration leaning and idle speed control. EGR control, Variable valve timing control, Electronic Ignition control, Electronic spark timing control. Exhaust emission control engineering, Integrated engine control system. UNIT-III Transmission control systems: Electronic transmission management: components, layout.Electronic control of automatic transmissions, valve actuating control system, twowheel drive control, four-wheel drive control, all wheel drive auto control system. Electric vehicle drive controls Electronic control of hybrid and electric vehicles. Digital controllers for drive-motor, motor-generator, battery and fuel cell. UNIT-IV Chassis Control system Electronic management of chassis system, Cruise control systems. Electronic suspension system, antilock braking controls system, traction control system, and vehicle stability control system. Electronic Steering c ontrol. Body controls and Security Body control systems: Remote central locking, Key less entry, Automatic Air conditioning systems. Security systems: immobilizer, and warning systems.Telematics, GPS Systems, Electronic control system diagnostics. Text Books: 1. William B. Riddens, † Understanding Automotive Electronics â€Å", 5th Edition, Butterworth, Heinemann Woburn, 1998. 2. William L Husselbee, † Automotive Computers and Control System: Fundamentals and Service â€Å". Hartcourt Brace Professional Publications. 3. Thomas H Denton, â€Å"Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems†, SAE Publication. 4. Bosch Automotive Handbook, Latest Edition, SAE Publication 5. Bechtold. , † Understanding Automotive Electronic â€Å", SAE Publication 6. Ronald K Jurgen, â€Å"Automotive Microcontrollers† SAE Publications 7. Ronald K Jurgen, â€Å" Passenger Safety and Convenience Systems† SAE PublicationB-Tech 3rd year(6th Semester) (Automobile Engin eering) AE-314E Microprocessor & Interfacing Lab L 3 T 1 P Class Work Exam Total 1. Study of 8085 Microprocessor Kit. 2. Write a program to add and subtract two 8-bit number using 8085 3. Study of 8051/8031 Micro controller kits. 4. Write a program for multiplication of two numbers using 8051 5. Write a program to interface the ADC. 6. Write a program to control a stepper motor in direction, speed and number of steps. 7. Write a program to control the speed of DC motor 8. Write a program to control the traffic light system using 8085/8086 microprocessors and 8255 PPI 9. Programming of a PLC based system to control speed of DC motor 10.Programming of a PLC based system to control stepper motor Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :50Marks :100Marks : 150 Mark B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-316E AUTOMOBILE ENGG. LAB. L T P 2 Class Work Exam To tal List of experiments 1. To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the following Automotive Steering Systems. (a) Manual Steering Systems, e. g. Pitman –arm steering, Rack & Pinion steering. (b) Power steering Systems, e. g. Rack and Pinion Power Steering System. (c) Steering Wheels and Columns e. g. Tilt & Telescopic steering Wheels, Collapsible Steering Columns. 2.To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the following Automotive Tyres& wheels. (a) Various Types of Bias & Radial Tyres. (b) Various Types of wheels. 3. To study and prepare report on the constructional details, working principles and operation of the Automotive Brake systems. (a) Hydraulic & Pneumatic Brake systems. (b) Drum Brake System. (c) Disk Brake System. (d) Antilock Brake System. (e) System Packing & Other Brakes. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mark 4. To study and prepare report on the constructional de tails, working principles and operation of Automotive Emission / Pollution control systems. 5. Modeling of any two automotive systems on 3D CAD using educational softwares (eg. D modeling package/Pro Engineering/I-Deas/ Solid edge etc. ) 6. Crash worthiness of the designed frame using Hypermesh and LS-Dyna solver or other software. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-318E AUTO POLLUTION & CONTROL LAB L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total List of Experiments : 1. To Study of Pressure pickups, charge amplifier, storage oscilloscope and signal analysers used for IC engine testing. 2. Performance study of petrol and diesel engines both at full load and part load conditions. 3.Determination of compression ratio, volumetric efficiency and optimum cooling water flow rate in engines.. 4. Testing of 2 and 4 wheelers using chas sis dynamometers. 5. Study of NDIR Gas Analyzer and FID 6. Study of Chemiluminescent NOx analyzer 7. Measurement of HC, CO, CO2, O2 using exhaust gas analyzer 8. Diesel smoke measurement. 9. Study of Exhaust gas re circulation system in diesel engine. References:1. Giles. J. G. , Vehicle Operation and performance, IIIiffe Books Ltd. , London, 1989. 2. Crouse. W. H. and Anglin. D. L. , Motor Vehicle Inspection, McGraw Hill Book Co. , 1978. 3. Ganesan. V. , Internal Combustion engines, Tata McGraw Hill Co. , 1994. 4. BIS code Books, IS-10000 series, 1988.Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Marks B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-320E GRAPHICS LAB L T P 3 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Mar 1. AutoCAD or similar drafting software 2. Computer Aided Drafting – introduction 3. Learning standard tools of Com puter Aided Drafting with exercise 4. Creating 2D drawings of simple automotive component like gaskets, brackets, valves etc. 5. Applying dimension and tolerance on entities. 6. Creating 2D detail drawing, cross sections & partial views of automotive components like flywheel, piston etc. 7. Concept of multi layer system with exercise. 8.Applying geometrical tolerance on drawing. References: 1. Shrock Cheryl R. , Exercise Workbook for Beginning AutoCAD, New Age International, 2006. 2. George Omura, Mastering AutoCAD, BPB Publication, 2005. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory. B-Tech 3rd year (6th Semester) (Automobile Engineering) AE-322E TRIBOLOGY LAB. L T P 2 Class Work Exam Total :25Marks :25Marks : 50 Marks 1. To study the pressure distribution of a journal bearing using journal bearing apparatus. 2. To determine abrasion index of a material with the help of dry abr asion tester. 3.To determine the rate of wear of metal and plot displacement v/s time curves by friction & wear monitor apparatus. 4. To evaluate the load wear index & weld point with the help of four ball stream pressure tester. 5. Analysis of various properties of lubricant of using lubricant oil analyzer. 6. Compare and analyzer the wear characteristics of different materials. 7. To study different types of bearing used in industries. 8. To study the effect of axial and circumferential grooves in cases of oil bearing. Note: Any 8 experiments from the above list and other 2 from others (developed by institute) are required to be performed by students in the laboratory.

Free Essays on Wine And Tourism Are The Ultimate Experience Of Place

New Zealand is like a world in miniature. Concentrated within its isolated land mass are all the varied features and resources that are found scattered over the earth’s surface. It has alpine districts; snow clad and glistening with glaciers, whose melt-off forms numerous and sometimes considerable rivers; table lands and plains, sometimes flat, sometimes undulating with fertile hills; valleys overspread with rich green, and forests of immense trees, all of which combine to form the unique scenery of New Zealand. Our wide range of topography is contained in such a small area that people can move easily from one type of place to another. It is possible to drive from the mountains to the sea in just a few hours. New Zealand as a country, people and culture is historically linked to the land (Bell 1996), the traditional areas of work, such as agriculture, fishing and horticulture as well as our leisure activities like mountaineering, tramping, boating and swimming all directly involve the natural environment. This involvement with the land has become a component of national identity. The sense of shared purpose, pride in place, national success all combine to provide a sense of belonging. As a â€Å"nation†, New Zealanders have fought on the battlefield, the sports field, on land, on sea, and have won. Market changes in recent years have brought about a shrinking of the planet and the formation of a global village. A sense of â€Å"nation†, of place and locality is becoming harder to define. Many countries have become melting pots of numerous nationalities, so the assumption that everyone shares one cultural language, heritage, and history is much less likely, now days territory is likely to be the only common ground that a countries inhabitants share. Culture The concept of culture became more prominent during the early 1980’s and is defined by Schein (1991) as â€Å"involving a group of people who have a history together, ... Free Essays on Wine And Tourism Are The Ultimate Experience Of Place Free Essays on Wine And Tourism Are The Ultimate Experience Of Place New Zealand is like a world in miniature. Concentrated within its isolated land mass are all the varied features and resources that are found scattered over the earth’s surface. It has alpine districts; snow clad and glistening with glaciers, whose melt-off forms numerous and sometimes considerable rivers; table lands and plains, sometimes flat, sometimes undulating with fertile hills; valleys overspread with rich green, and forests of immense trees, all of which combine to form the unique scenery of New Zealand. Our wide range of topography is contained in such a small area that people can move easily from one type of place to another. It is possible to drive from the mountains to the sea in just a few hours. New Zealand as a country, people and culture is historically linked to the land (Bell 1996), the traditional areas of work, such as agriculture, fishing and horticulture as well as our leisure activities like mountaineering, tramping, boating and swimming all directly involve the natural environment. This involvement with the land has become a component of national identity. The sense of shared purpose, pride in place, national success all combine to provide a sense of belonging. As a â€Å"nation†, New Zealanders have fought on the battlefield, the sports field, on land, on sea, and have won. Market changes in recent years have brought about a shrinking of the planet and the formation of a global village. A sense of â€Å"nation†, of place and locality is becoming harder to define. Many countries have become melting pots of numerous nationalities, so the assumption that everyone shares one cultural language, heritage, and history is much less likely, now days territory is likely to be the only common ground that a countries inhabitants share. Culture The concept of culture became more prominent during the early 1980’s and is defined by Schein (1991) as â€Å"involving a group of people who have a history together, ...

Biography of James Hutton, Founder of Modern Geology

Biography of James Hutton, Founder of Modern Geology James Hutton (June 3, 1726–March 26, 1797) was a Scottish doctor and geologist who had ideas about the formation of the Earth that became known as Uniformitarianism. Although not an accredited geologist, he spent much time hypothesizing that the Earths processes and formation had been going on for eons and were continuing to the present. Charles Darwin was well-acquainted with Hutton’s ideas, which provided a framework for his work in biological evolution and natural selection. Fast Facts: James Hutton Known For: Founder of modern geologyBorn: June 3, 1726 in Edinburgh, United KingdomParents: William Hutton, Sarah BalfourDied: March 26, 1797 in Edinburgh, United KingdomEducation: University of Edinburgh, University of Paris, University of LeidenPublished Works: Theory of the EarthChildren: James Smeaton Hutton Early Life James Hutton was born on June 3, 1726, in Edinburgh, Scotland, one of five children born to William Hutton and Sarah Balfour. His father, who was a merchant and treasurer for the city of Edinburgh, died in 1729, when James was only 3 years old. He also lost an older brother at a very young age. His mother did not remarry and was able to raise Hutton and his three sisters on her own, thanks to the wealth his father had built before his death. When Hutton was old enough, his mother sent him to the High School of Edinburgh, where he discovered his love of chemistry and mathematics. Education At the young age of 14, Hutton was sent off to the University of Edinburgh to study Latin and other humanities courses. He was made the apprentice of a lawyer at age 17, but his employer did not believe that he was well-suited for a career in law. Hutton decided to become a physician to be able to continue his studies in chemistry. After three years in the medical program at the University of Edinburgh, Hutton finished his medical studies in Paris before receiving his degree from the University of Leiden in the Netherlands in 1749. Personal Life While studying medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Hutton fathered an illegitimate son with a woman who lived in the area. He named his son James Smeaton Hutton. Although he financially supported his son, who was raised by his mother, Hutton did not take an active role in raising the boy. Following the birth in 1747, Hutton moved to Paris to continue his medical studies. After finishing his degree, instead of moving back to Scotland, the young doctor practiced medicine in London for a few years. It is not known whether this move to London was prompted by the fact that his son was living in Edinburgh, but it is often assumed that is why he chose not to move back to Scotland. Soon, however, Hutton decided that practicing medicine was not for him. Before he had started his medical studies, Hutton and a partner had become interested in sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride, a chemical used in making medicines as well as fertilizers and dyes. They developed an inexpensive method of manufacturing the chemical that became financially rewarding, enabling Hutton in the early 1750s to move to a large plot of land he had inherited from his father and become a farmer. Here he began to study geology and came up with some of his best-known ideas. By 1765, the farm and the sal ammoniac manufacturing company were providing enough income that he could give up farming and move to Edinburgh, where he could pursue his scientific interests. Geological Studies Hutton did not have a degree in geology, but his experiences on the farm gave him the focus to form theories about the formation of the Earth that were novel at the time. Hutton hypothesized that the interior of the Earth was very hot and that the processes that changed the Earth long ago were still at work millenniums later. He published his ideas in his book, The Theory of the Earth, in 1795. Hutton asserted in the book that life also followed this long-term pattern. The concepts in the book about life changing gradually by these same mechanisms since the beginning of time were in line with the principles of evolution well before Charles Darwin came up with his theory of natural selection. Huttons ideas drew much criticism from most geologists of his time, who followed a more religious line in their findings. The prevailing theory at the time of how rock formations had occurred on Earth was that they were a product of a series of catastrophes, such as the Great Flood, that accounted for the form and nature of an Earth that was thought to be only 6,000 years old. Hutton disagreed and was mocked for his anti-Biblical account of the Earths formation. He was working on a follow-up to the book when he died. Death James Hutton died in Edinburgh on March 26, 1797, at age 70 after suffering poor health and pain for a number of years caused by bladder stones. He was buried in Edinburgh’s Greyfriars Churchyard. He left no will, so his estate passed to his sister and, on her death, to Huttons grandchildren, the children of his son, James Smeaton Hutton. Legacy In 1830, geologist Charles Lyell rephrased and republished many of Huttons ideas in his book Principles of Geology and called them Uniformitarianism, which became a cornerstone of modern geology. Lyell was an acquaintance of Robert FitzRoy, captain of the  HMS Beagle  on Darwins voyages. FitzRoy gave Darwin a copy of  Principles of Geology, which Darwin studied as he traveled and collected data for his work. It was Lyells book, but Huttons ideas, that inspired Darwin to incorporate the concept of an ancient mechanism that had been at work since the beginning of the Earth in his own world-changing book, The Origin of the Species. Thus, Huttons concepts indirectly sparked the idea of natural selection for Darwin. Sources James Hutton: Scottish Geologist. Encyclopedia Brittanica.James Hutton: The Founder of Modern Geology. The American Museum of Natural History.James Hutton. Famous Scientists.

The Correlation Between Energy Reduction During The Operation Of A Essay

The Correlation Between Energy Reduction During The Operation Of A Building And The Carbon Footprint Of It - Essay Example In addition, the carbon footprint of a building is dependant on the dimensions of the proper coordination of the forms and space put in place over the time. This means that during the construction, the design should aim at energy reduction so that the amount of carbon footprint is reduced significantly. Modern housing design is a work aimed at satisfying customers need, setting measures of transforming the world by the architectural work and ensuring the quality of buildings (Bentley, 1999). In this regard, the design and transformation heavily rely on historical background and knowledge of the performers to make sure that the amount of carbon footprint is kept at manageable levels. Building design and transformation could be enhanced by applying a typological approach to analyze them, their evolution and the perspective of growth of architecture discipline. Therefore, this essay focuses on the correlation between energy reduction during the operation of a building and the carbon foo tprint of it. Buildings and Planning The amount of trapped energy must be reduced to eliminate carbon footprint of buildings and enhance their stability as well (Retail Forum for Sustainability, 2011). The cities are amalgamations of different types of buildings round, stories and flats, thus safety concerns such as reduction carbon footprints is paramount (Smith, 2005). The buildings are constructed in away that satisfy all the population strata in terms of safety, economic situation, gender, and age. Toward the residential areas are the shops, supermarkets and merchandises which supplies the peoples needs at the residential areas. The buildings are served with social amenities such as the clubs, churches and schools (Davreu, 2008). The Latest Building Designs and Energy Concerns Modern housing design transformation is spreading across the world at a high rate; this could be seen with the sprawling of modern cities in England like the Poun-dbury (Bentley, 1999). Therefore, increasi ng the need for adequate education on energy reduction is necessary to eliminate carbon footprint of buildings and enhance their stability (Forester, 2007). Achieving zero-carbon buildings is expected to be another exemplary work of architects, and must be ensured when the building is under construction. Other cities include the Vancouver of Canada, the Orchid Bay of Belize, the McKenzie Building and Val d’Europe of East Paris has been constructed in a manner that significantly reduced trapped energy (Wheeler, 1998). This was an attempt to eliminate carbon footprint of those buildings and enhance their stability. In addition, energy reduction ensures sustainability of the buildings and sustainable development (Yudelson, 2009). Apparently, sustainability and sustainable development in building construction is a term mostly applied by building planners’ inconsideration environmental and demographic factors which influences building set up. As compared to early population , the modern population has increased in population as well as change in their social economic activities (Forester, 2007). For this reason, building planners must develop a mechanism to cater for space in the building centers as well as the increase in trend over environmental pollution and safety concerns. In addition, the planners should address issues tied with social resources, pollution in the building centers, energy reduction, climate changes and building heat islands to eliminate carbon footprint of buildings and enhance their stability (Retail Forum for Sustainability, 2011). Sustainable development should be created in away that the short and long-term healthy growth of a building centre should be maintained (Smith, 2005). This takes the aspect of effective

Amazon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Amazon - Research Paper Example Since its inception, the company has witnessed significant growth to become a member of Fortune 100 Company in the US. It specialises in selling a variety of goods and services online. 1.1 Mission and strategy of Amazon According to its official website, the company’s mission is: â€Å"to be Earth’s most customer-centric company, where customers can find and discover anything they might want to buy online, and endeavors to offer its customers the lowest possible prices.† The company uses the strategy of selling a variety of products online and it targets customers from all corners of the globe. 1.2 Products or services of the organization Amazon.com offers millions of unique new, refurbished, and used items in categories such as books; movies; music & games; digital downloads; electronics & computers; home & garden; toys; kids & baby; grocery; apparel; shoes & jewelry; health & beauty; sports & outdoor; and tools, auto & industrial (Amazon, 2013). The company has also incorporated thousands of sellers and software developers which use its trademark across the globe. 1.3 SWOT analysis â€Å"A SWOT analysis is used to identify internal strengths and weaknesses of a business and external opportunities and threats facing it,† (Strydom J. p 31). This section outlines these environmental factors facing Amazon. Organization’s internal strengths and weaknesses Strengths Regarded as the world’s best online retailer of various products Technological innovation has driven the growth of Amazon.com to offer a wide range of products to the customers conveniently and at lower prices. It operates international retail websites, and worldwide network designed to fulfil the needs of the customers across the globe Amazon is comprised of teams that work across the world on behalf the customers and it provides 24/7 support to the consumers. Weaknesses The company is mainly present in developed parts of the world where some developing countri es are not fully covered The payment methods used by Amazon are not compatible with other countries’ banking sectors Organization’s external environmental factors Opportunities The company has opportunities to partner with different retailers which will help it to increase the revenue it generates. New information and communication technology is continuing to develop hence the company is poised for continual growth. Threats Online retailing is now characterised by competition since a wide range of organizations have also adopted this strategy which is very convenient. 1.4 Staffing in terms of employee categories Amazon is an equal opportunity employer and it is committed to staff a diverse workforce on the basis of a barrier-free employment process. The company employs about 88  400 people around the world and it has offices fulfilment centers, customer service centers, data centers, and software development centers around the globe (Amazon, 2013). The company is gui ded by the provisions of Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Vietnam Era Veterans'